Beijing (北京) is China’s capital and a major economic, cultural, and political hub with a history spanning over 3,000 years. Home to historic landmarks like the Forbidden City and the Great Wall, it blends traditional alleys (hutongs) with a modern skyline, offering a unique charm.
Beijing’s distinctive cuisine—most notably its roast duck—is another highlight, and its convenient transportation network makes it an ideal destination for both tourism and business.
Introduction & Characteristics of Beijing (北京)
Beijing (北京) is a centrally administered municipality in northern China and serves as the nation’s capital. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China (2020), the city’s population exceeds 21 million, making it an ultra-large metropolis. It boasts numerous historical and cultural sites, including the Forbidden City (紫禁城), the Great Wall (长城), the Temple of Heaven (天坛), and the Summer Palace (颐和园)—many of which are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Beyond its historical significance, Beijing is the modern center of politics, administration, and diplomacy for China. It also wields considerable influence in the fields of IT, finance, and education. Furthermore, Beijing is famous for being the first city in the world to host both the Summer Olympics (2008) and the Winter Olympics (2022).
Geographical Features
- Location
Beijing lies in northeastern China. Its western and northern outskirts are surrounded by mountains, while its eastern and southern areas stretch out into plains. Historically, this position made the city a strategic stronghold, either to repel nomadic invasions from the north or to serve as a base for advancing into the Central Plains (中原). - Average Elevation
The city proper is relatively flat, though the suburban districts contain mountains exceeding 1,000 meters in height. - Climate
Beijing has a temperate, continental climate with cold, dry winters and hot, humid summers. The annual average temperature is around 12–13°C, but in July and August, it can rise above 30°C.
Cultural Features
Beijing is a fascinating blend of tradition and modernity.
- Traditional Culture
The city’s unique atmosphere is shaped by Peking opera (京剧), acrobatic shows, traditional courtyard houses known as siheyuan (四合院), and narrow alleys called hutongs (胡同). - Modern Culture
Districts like Chaoyang (朝阳) boast clusters of skyscrapers, reflecting Beijing’s status as a major business hub. Meanwhile, the 798 Art District is home to cutting-edge art galleries and cafés that cater to younger, creative crowds. - Education & Academia
Beijing is also a focal point of knowledge and culture, hosting prestigious universities such as Peking University and Tsinghua University, which attract talented individuals from across China and around the world.
History of Beijing (北京)
From Ancient Times to the Spring and Autumn Period (~3rd Century BC)
Appearance of “Peking Man” — Prehistoric Era
One of the most iconic archaeological sites in Beijing’s history is Zhoukoudian (周口店). Fossils of “Peking Man” (北京猿人, Homo erectus), discovered there, date back roughly 700,000 years (though some studies estimate around 500,000 years), indicating that humans already inhabited this region in prehistoric times.These fossils show evidence of fire usage and various stone tools, underscoring their archaeological value. Large-scale excavations at Zhoukoudian were carried out by both foreign and Chinese scholars in the 1920s–1930s, and the site is now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Bronze Age and Early Urban Development
As the Neolithic and Bronze Ages progressed, the Yellow River (黄河) civilizations gradually spread north. Situated at the crossroads between nomadic tribes of the north and the agrarian culture of the Central Plains (中原), the Beijing area became a key zone for trade and exchange—and at times, conflict.During the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties (夏·商·周), Beijing was not yet a major city but acted as a buffer region connecting the north and the central kingdom. Throughout the broader Youzhou (幽州) area, bronze culture proliferated, with numerous bronze wares, pottery, and jade artifacts unearthed from communal settlements and burial sites.
Spring and Autumn Period—Capital of Yan (燕), Called Ji (薊)
Official historical records first mention Beijing during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (8th–3rd century BC). At that time, the region belonged to the State of Yan (燕), which established its capital at Ji (薊) or “Yandu” (燕都).Yan contended vigorously with neighboring states (Qi, Zhao, Wei, etc.) and served as the foremost defensive line against northern nomads such as the Donghu and the Shanrong. This marked the beginning of Beijing’s reputation as a key military and strategic location in northern China.During the late Yan Dynasty, generals like Le Yi (樂毅) expanded the city and helped cultivate its potential as a political and economic center.
Qin (秦), Han (漢), Wei (魏), and Jin (晉) Dynasties (3rd Century BC – 5th Century AD)
Qin Unification—Incorporation into Youzhou (幽州)
After Qin Shi Huang unified China in 221 BC, the country was divided into 36 commanderies. The Beijing region was placed under Youzhou (幽州). Ji (薊) remained a vital military and administrative base, notably taking part in Qin’s Great Wall construction project along the northern frontier.With frequent uprisings at the end of the Qin Dynasty, the Beijing area also saw periods of unrest. Eventually, Liu Bang (劉邦), later Emperor Gaozu, rose to power and founded the Han Dynasty (漢).
Han Dynasty—Military Outpost and Northern Defense
Under the Han (202 BC – AD 220), the region remained under Youzhou’s jurisdiction. A string of military garrisons was set up to guard against northern nomads like the Xiongnu (匈奴) and Xianbei (鮮卑). While not as politically or culturally prominent as the Han capitals (Chang’an, Luoyang), Beijing served as an important intermediary for both military confrontations and trade with nomadic tribes. Gradual increases in population and commerce spurred the emergence of small trade hubs.
Three Kingdoms & Wei–Jin Period—Provincial Capital in the Beijing Area
At the end of the Han, China fragmented into the Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu, Wu). The Beijing area fell under the control of the northern Wei state and continued to serve as Youzhou’s provincial capital. Throughout the chaotic Western Jin (西晉) and Eastern Jin (東晉) eras, frequent invasions by various non-Han peoples meant that Beijing’s role as a military city was indispensable.Despite the turmoil, the region saw sustained growth and an influx of Han Chinese migrants (farmers, merchants) from central areas, gradually expanding the city’s size.
Sui (隋), Tang (唐), Song (宋), and Yuan (元) Dynasties (6th – 14th Century)
Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907)—Rise in Transport and Commercial Importance
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, which unified China under a strong central government, Beijing solidified its influence as a key gateway between the northeast and the Central Plains. The Sui built the Grand Canal (大運河), revolutionizing the transport of goods across the Huabei (華北) and Huadong (華東) regions, and sections near Beijing became part of this network.Under the Tang, Beijing served multiple purposes: a frontier post to manage trade and conflicts with non-Han peoples, a commercial hub frequented by merchants and travelers, and an emerging international node.
Song (宋) and Clashes with Northern States—Liao (遼) and Jin (金)
During the Song Dynasty (960–1279), powerful northern states—Liao (遼, formed by the Khitan people) and Jin (金, formed by the Jurchen people)—rose to prominence, sparking frequent border conflicts with the Song. The Beijing region became a contested frontier. After the Jin defeated the Liao, they established their capital, Zhongdu (中都), in Beijing in the early 12th century.Building imperial palaces and administrative facilities, the Jin elevated Beijing to the status of their capital, transforming it into a major city. This effectively laid the groundwork for Beijing’s emergence as the “northern political center” even before the rise of the Yuan.
Yuan (元)—Prosperity of Dadu (大都)
The Mongol Empire, having conquered vast territories across Eurasia, was unified in China under Kublai Khan (Emperor Shizu), who founded the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). Based on the former Jin capital Zhongdu, Kublai Khan established a new capital called Dadu (大都, also spelled Daidu).Through major state projects—city planning, palace construction, canal restoration—Dadu grew into one of East Asia’s largest and most vibrant metropolises. Traders and envoys from Persia, the Middle East, and Europe traveled here, fueling an era of international commerce.Marco Polo’s The Travels of Marco Polo vividly describes Dadu’s splendor, including its grand avenues, sophisticated transport network, and awe-inspiring palaces, which captured the European imagination.
Ming (明) and Qing (淸) Dynasties (14th – Early 20th Century)
Ming Dynasty—Capital Relocation under the Yongle Emperor
After peasant rebellions toppled the Yuan, the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) was established as a Han Chinese regime. The early Ming capital was in Nanjing (南京), but in 1402, the Yongle Emperor (永樂帝) took the throne and relocated the capital to Beijing in 1403, citing the need for better defense of the northern borders. At this time, “Beijing” (北京, literally “Northern Capital”) became the city’s official name.The Yongle Emperor orchestrated large-scale construction projects, including the Forbidden City (紫禁城), the Temple of Heaven (天壇), the Temple of Earth (地壇), and the Temple of Agriculture (社稷壇), essentially shaping Beijing’s modern-day urban layout. He also reinforced and expanded the Great Wall to counter Mongolian forces. Concurrently, the city’s outskirts were fortified as part of broader defense efforts.
Qing Dynasty—Imperial Expansion & Global Interaction
In 1644, the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) replaced the Ming but retained Beijing as its capital. Landmarks like the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace (颐和园) were further enlarged and refined. Beijing served as the stage for numerous officials and scholars from across China, while foreign envoys and traders had relatively frequent access.In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the Anglo-French Allied Forces entered Beijing and destroyed the Old Summer Palace (圆明园), marking a turning point in Western imperialist incursions. Still, Beijing remained the “heart of the Chinese empire,” where court etiquette based on Confucian traditions reached its pinnacle.
Modern Era (20th Century – Present)
After the Qing Collapse—The Republic of China and Capital Relocation
The Qing fell in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution (辛亥革命), and the Republic of China was established under leaders such as Sun Yat-sen (孫文) and Yuan Shikai (袁世凱). However, ongoing wars and turmoil plagued the republic (1912–1949), and the capital moved to Nanjing, causing Beijing to temporarily lose its status as the political center.During the Warlord Era (北洋軍閥), Beijing sometimes served as the capital for the Beiyang government. The city’s name changed intermittently between “Beiping (北平)” and “Beijing (北京),” reflecting the political instability of the time.
Establishment of the People’s Republic of China & the Reemergence of Beijing
In 1949, after victory in the Chinese Civil War, Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), restoring Beijing as the official capital.Early socialist campaigns—such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution—created massive social upheaval, with Beijing at the epicenter. Following the launch of Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening-up policy in 1978, Beijing evolved beyond an administrative capital into a leading economic and cultural center. Rapid urban and industrial growth led to a population boom, alongside the expansion of subways, highways, and other infrastructure.
Rise as a Global Metropolis
In the 21st century, Beijing has hosted major global events:
- 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Iconic venues like the “Bird’s Nest” (国家体育场) and the “Water Cube” (国家游泳中心) captured the world’s attention.
- 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics: As the first city ever to host both Summer and Winter Olympic Games, Beijing made another leap in sports, tourism, and infrastructure, drawing further global recognition.
Beijing (北京) Travel Guide
Top Attractions
The Forbidden City (故宮, Palace Museum)
The heart and symbol of any Beijing tour is the Forbidden City (紫禁城). Built in the early 15th century during the Ming Dynasty, it was the imperial residence and political center for nearly 500 years. Its vast scale and ornate architecture, along with countless relics and artworks, leave a deep impression.
- Highlights: The Hall of Supreme Harmony (太和殿), Hall of Central Harmony (中和殿), Hall of Preserving Harmony (保和殿), and the Inner Court (內廷) where the emperor lived.
- Tips: Due to heavy visitor traffic, online reservation is essential. Arriving early in the morning can help you avoid crowds.
Temple of Heaven (天壇) & Summer Palace (頤和園)
- Temple of Heaven (天壇): Built for Ming and Qing emperors to offer sacrifices to heaven, it’s famous for its striking circular and square architectural elements, reflecting Confucian concepts of heaven and earth. The Echo Wall (回音壁) intrigues many visitors with its unique acoustic features.
- Summer Palace (頤和園): A royal retreat for escaping the summer heat. Centered around Kunming Lake (昆明湖) and the surrounding hills, it showcases the epitome of Chinese garden design. Boating on the lake or strolling the meticulously landscaped grounds offers a glimpse into imperial leisure.
The Great Wall (八達嶺, 慕田峪, etc.)
Several sections of the Great Wall lie on the outskirts of Beijing. Badaling (八達嶺) is the most famous—well-equipped with visitor amenities but often crowded. If you prefer a quieter experience with more natural scenery, Mutianyu (慕田峪) or Jinshanling (金山嶺) may be better options.
- Note: Some areas are quite steep, so wear comfortable shoes and stay hydrated.
BEST Cultural and Culinary Highlights in Beijing
One of the biggest draws of a trip to Beijing is the abundance of delicious food. From upscale restaurants to street vendors, the city offers countless delights for foodies.
Peking Duck (北京烤鴨)
This roast duck dish is synonymous with Beijing’s cuisine. The duck is specially prepared so the fat renders off, leaving crispy skin. It’s thinly sliced and often served with pancakes and condiments. Renowned old establishments include Quanjude (全聚德) and Bianyifang (便宜坊).
Zhajiangmian (炸醬麵) & Malatang (麻辣燙)
- Zhajiangmian (炸醬麵): Similar to the Korean-Chinese version of black bean noodles but with a different flavor profile. The sauce, made by stir-frying soy-based paste and minced pork, is mixed into noodles with various garnishes. It’s a local staple in many traditional eateries.
- Malatang (麻辣燙): Originally a spicy, numbing soup from Sichuan, it’s extremely popular in Beijing, especially during winter, warming you from the inside out.
Beijing-Style Breakfast & Snacks: Jianbing (煎餅) and Doujiang (豆漿)
Jianbing (煎餅) is a thin wheat crepe with egg, scallions, and crispy fried crackers—an on-the-go breakfast many locals love. Pair it with warm soy milk (豆漿) or a crispy youtiao (油條) to savor the quintessential Beijing morning vibe.
Travel Planning Recommendations
Transportation
- Air Travel:
Direct flights from Incheon or Gimpo airports (in Korea) to Beijing Capital International Airport (北京首都國際機場, PEK) or Beijing Daxing International Airport (北京大兴国际机场, PKX) take about 2–2.5 hours. From the airports to downtown, you can take the Airport Express train, airport bus, or a taxi. - Train & High-Speed Rail:
If traveling from other Chinese cities like Shanghai, Xi’an, or Chengdu, the high-speed train is very convenient. You’ll likely arrive at Beijing South Railway Station (北京南站) or Beijing Railway Station (北京站). With top speeds of 300–350 km/h, these trains significantly cut travel time. - Getting Around the City:
Beijing’s subway system is extensive and covers most tourist attractions. If using taxis, ensure the meter is on, or use ride-hailing apps like DiDi (滴滴). Buses are plentiful but can be confusing for first-timers—so the subway is generally recommended.
Travel Tips
- Online Reservations: Due to visitor limits, you must book tickets in advance for popular sites like the Forbidden City or certain sections of the Great Wall.
- Payment Methods: While mobile payments (WeChat Pay, Alipay) are ubiquitous in China, foreigners may face restrictions. Carry some cash for convenience.
- Communication: Though English is spoken in some areas, it helps to have destinations written in Chinese characters (simplified) when taking a taxi.
Suggested Itinerary
- Day 1: Morning at the Forbidden City & Tiananmen Square → Afternoon shopping on Wangfujing (王府井) Street & evening food hunt at night markets
- Day 2: Morning tour of the Great Wall (Mutianyu section) → Afternoon hutong alley tour → Evening feast at a Peking duck restaurant
- Day 3: Summer Palace (颐和园) boat ride → Explore the 798 Art District → Watch a Peking opera (京劇) show at night
- Day 4: Early walk through the Temple of Heaven Park & experience the Echo Wall → Final shopping in the city → Depart for the airport
Conclusion
Beijing is a city where you can experience over three millennia of history alongside the conveniences and innovations of modern civilization. Tucked away in narrow hutongs, traditional siheyuan homes evoke a nostalgic ambiance, while the central districts’ soaring skyscrapers reflect the pulse of the global economy.
Standing in the Forbidden City—steeped in the legacy of successive dynasties—or strolling through the regal splendor of the Summer Palace, or climbing the Great Wall that stretches endlessly into the horizon, you’ll feel both the past and present converge in one remarkable place.
Culinary adventures also enrich any Beijing visit. From the crispy, succulent Peking duck to simple street snacks in the hutongs, each day promises new flavors and delights for the palate. Transportation is convenient, allowing easy combination of both urban sightseeing and trips to the outskirts.
If you’re planning a journey to this captivating ancient capital, consider using this guide to plan an itinerary that covers history, culture, cuisine, and shopping. Beijing will undoubtedly leave you with unforgettable memories and a lasting energy that’s hard to match elsewhere.