Nanjing (南京), the capital of Jiangsu Province (江蘇省), has long served as one of China’s most historically significant cities on the country’s eastern coast. From the Six Dynasties period to the Ming Dynasty and the Republic of China era, it has amassed a wealth of cultural heritage. With its rich cuisine and picturesque riverside scenery, Nanjing never fails to leave a lasting impression on visitors.
Introduction & Key Features of Nanjing (南京)
Nanjing is located in eastern China’s Jiangsu Province, set in the fertile plains downstream of the Yangtze River (揚子江). Alongside Beijing (北京), Xi’an (西安), Luoyang (洛陽), Kaifeng (開封), Hangzhou (杭州), and Anyang (安陽), it’s recognized as one of China’s “Seven Great Ancient Capitals (七大古都).” As its name implies—“Southern Capital (南都)”—Nanjing has served as the national capital multiple times throughout history.
Geographical Characteristics
- Yangtze River Waterfront
Situated on the lower reaches of the Yangtze (one of China’s longest rivers), Nanjing has historically been a hub for both water and overland transport. - Key City in the Yangtze River Delta
Alongside Shanghai and Suzhou, Nanjing is a core part of this delta region, known for its leadership in economics, logistics, and industry.
Cultural Characteristics
- Historical Traces
Remnants of different periods—from the Six Dynasties (六朝) through the Ming and Qing eras up to the Republic of China—can be seen across the city. - Education & Academia
With prestigious institutions like Nanjing University (南京大學) and Nanjing Normal University (南京師範大學), the city boasts a thriving bookstore and library culture, lending an intellectual atmosphere to Nanjing’s urban life.
History of Nanjing (南京)
Nanjing’s charm derives from its complex historical background. Countless dynasties and regimes have risen and fallen here, leaving behind a legacy of world-class cultural treasures.
From Ancient Times to the Spring and Autumn Period (~3rd Century BC)
- Neolithic and Early Eras
Archeological finds confirm human settlement in the broader Nanjing area since the Neolithic Age, thanks to the region’s fertile plains near the lower Yangtze. Early inhabitants relied on farming, fishing, and hunting. - Spring and Autumn Period (8th–3rd Century BC)
Known by names like “Jinling (金陵)” and “Jianye (建業)” at the time, this area was a contested battleground for states such as Wu (吳), Yue (越), and Chu (楚), all vying for dominance along the Yangtze River basin.
Qin (秦), Han (漢), Wei (魏), and Jin (晉) (3rd Century BC – 5th Century AD)
- Qin and Han Dynasties
After Qin unified China in 221 BC, the empire instituted the commandery-county system, bringing Jinling (Nanjing) under its formal governance. During the Han period, commerce and transportation between the Yellow River (黃河) region and the Yangtze thrived, further developing the areas around Nanjing. - Three Kingdoms Period
Following the collapse of the Eastern Han, the realm split into Wei, Shu, and Wu. Nanjing—then called Jianye (建業)—effectively served as the Wu capital. - Western Jin & the Influx South
With the fall of the Western Jin (西晉) and large-scale northern invasions (e.g., the Yongjia Rebellion), many nobles and scholars fled south. They established the Eastern Jin (東晉) in 317 with its capital at Jianye (later renamed Jiankang, 建康), present-day Nanjing. This event marked the start of the “Six Dynasties (六朝)” era, making Nanjing the cultural center of the south.
Sui (隋), Tang (唐), Song (宋), and Yuan (元) (6th – 14th Century)
- Sui & Tang Dynasties
After the Six Dynasties ended, China was reunified under the Sui, followed by the Tang, both governing through large imperial systems. During this time, Nanjing remained a vital city in the “Jiangnan (江南)” region, famed for agriculture, handicrafts, and canal-based trade—though political centers were typically in Chang’an (長安) or Luoyang (洛陽). - Northern Song & Southern Song
Even though the Northern Song capital was Kaifeng, commercial influence along the lower Yangtze remained crucial. When the Southern Song emerged after losing the north, Jiangnan, including Nanjing, became the economic backbone of the empire. - Yuan (Mongol Empire)
Under Mongol rule, Nanjing served as an administrative hub within a reorganized national structure. The city’s commerce along the Yangtze basin continued to flourish, sustaining Nanjing’s economic prowess.
Ming (明) & Qing (淸) (14th – Early 20th Century)
- Ming Dynasty
After driving out the Yuan, Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋) founded the Ming Dynasty in 1368 and established the capital in Nanjing. Massive city walls and palaces were constructed, and today, Nanjing’s city wall is still regarded as one of the world’s longest ancient walls. Although the capital relocated to Beijing under the Yongle Emperor (永樂帝) in 1421, Nanjing continued as the empire’s “secondary capital,” preserving symbolic importance. - Qing Dynasty
Under Qing rule, Nanjing remained a major administrative center for the south, though Beijing was the official capital. The city thrived commercially and academically, but endured upheavals like Western imperialist aggression and the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864), during which the rebels briefly declared Nanjing (renamed “Tianjing,” 天京) their capital.
Modern Era (20th Century – Present)
- Republic of China
After the Qing fell, Sun Yat-sen (孫文) proclaimed the Republic of China in Nanjing in 1912. The Nationalist government (under Chiang Kai-shek) designated Nanjing as the capital (1927–1937, 1945–1949) and undertook modernization efforts. - People’s Republic of China
When Beijing officially became the capital in 1949, Nanjing remained the provincial capital of Jiangsu. Following economic reforms, it evolved into a major node within the Yangtze River Delta, notable for its achievements in education, finance, and culture.
Vast relics, museums, and memorials, from the Six Dynasties to the Ming era and the Republic of China, make Nanjing a city where past and present coexist in unique harmony.
Nanjing (南京) Travel Guide
Nanjing offers a rich combination of historical tours, food adventures, and natural scenery. Whether you have several days to explore in depth or plan to combine it with nearby cities like Shanghai or Hangzhou, you’ll find plenty of attractions to fill your itinerary.
Top Attractions
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum (中山陵)
Dedicated to Dr. Sun Yat-sen (孫文), regarded as the “Father of Modern China,” this mausoleum lies within Zijin Mountain (紫金山). You can enjoy scenic nature while learning about modern Chinese history. Climbing the grand staircase to the mausoleum provides a panoramic city view.
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum (明孝陵)
The colossal tomb of Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang and his empress, adjacent to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. The “Sacred Way (神道)” lined with stone statues (elephants, camels, lions, mythic creatures) showcases ancient royal grandeur. Seasonal changes in the surrounding forest paths add to its charm.
Nanjing City Wall & Zhonghua Gate (中華門)
Built during the Ming Dynasty, it’s considered one of the world’s longest ancient city walls. The Zhonghua Gate, representing the southern entrance, features a multi-layered gate complex. Parts of the wall are open for walking, letting visitors view the ancient fortress and modern skyline together.
Confucius Temple (夫子廟) & Qinhuai River (秦淮河)
- Confucius Temple: A shrine dedicated to Confucius, surrounded by a lively district famous for traditional shops and night markets. Colorful lanterns and street food create a festive evening ambiance.
- Qinhuai River: Flows through downtown Nanjing, where evening boat tours reveal illuminated historic buildings along the riverbanks—a romantic glimpse into the leisure culture of the Song and Ming periods.
BEST Cultural & Culinary Highlights in Nanjing
Salted Duck (鹽水鴨)
Nanjing’s signature dish, duck is brined in salted water for a tender, subtle taste. Thinly sliced and often enjoyed with scallions, peppers, or over warm rice.
Huaiyang Cuisine (淮揚菜)
Known for its light, delicate seasoning that highlights natural flavors. Popular dishes include freshwater fish, Yangzhou Fried Rice (揚州炒飯), and “Lion’s Head (獅子頭)” meatball soup. Check out local markets for fresh produce, seafood, and a taste of daily life.
Cafés & Bookstore Culture
- University Districts: Around Nanjing University or Nanjing Normal University, you’ll find many independent bookstores and cozy cafés, reflecting the city’s academic and cultural leanings.
- Modern Cultural Spaces: Trendy bookstores and exhibition sites also exist in shopping complexes, blending tradition with contemporary flair.
Travel Planning Tips
Transportation
- Air: Nanjing Lukou International Airport (祿口國際機場). Airport buses or the metro reach downtown in about 40 minutes to an hour.
- Rail/High-Speed Train: Excellent connections to Shanghai, Suzhou, Beijing, and other major cities make itinerary planning flexible.
- Within the City: Metro lines (Nanjing Metro 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), buses, taxis, and shared bikes are available. Getting a local transportation card (交通卡) can be handy.
Best Time to Visit
- Spring (Mar–May): Pleasant weather, blooming cherry blossoms on Zijin Mountain, and lush greenery.
- Summer (Jun–Aug): Hot and humid; pairing museums or cafés with outdoor visits is a good strategy.
- Fall (Sep–Nov): Crisp air and colorful foliage, ideal for strolling around the city wall or parks.
- Winter (Dec–Feb): Damp cold requires warm clothing. Less crowded, offering a quieter experience.
Where to Stay
- Near Train Stations: Hotels around Nanjing South Railway Station (南京南站) provide convenient transport links and quick metro access to downtown.
- Confucius Temple & Qinhuai River Area: Lively nightlife and scenic evening walks, perfect for travelers seeking a vibrant atmosphere.
- New Development Zones: Modern areas south of the Yangtze, featuring upscale hotels and contemporary cityscapes.
Sample Itinerary
- Day 1: Arrive in Nanjing → Evening stroll around the Confucius Temple area & Qinhuai River (consider a night boat tour)
- Day 2: Visit Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum & Ming Xiaoling → Enjoy the city wall (Zhonghua Gate) under evening lights
- Day 3: Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall → Nearby museums or Qingwangfu (靑王府) → Explore cafés and bookstores in university districts
- Day 4: Check out a local market → Savor Huaiyang cuisine → Departure
Conclusion
Nanjing (南京) is among China’s oldest cities, with a long-standing role in military, cultural, and political affairs. From the Six Dynasties to the Ming Dynasty and the Republic of China, the city’s history is intertwined with the nation’s destiny.
Visiting Nanjing allows travelers to immerse themselves in ancient dynastic grandeur, reflected in imposing walls and palace remains, and to learn about modern upheavals in memorials and museums. Beyond its historic legacy, Nanjing’s blend of timeless flavors and contemporary trends makes it a city that excels in “history, culture, and cuisine.”
If you’re touring the Yangtze River Delta (Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou, etc.), be sure to include Nanjing in your itinerary. As you explore, you’ll sense the vast epic of Chinese civilization flowing into your own experience, courtesy of the city that for centuries has borne the name “Nanjing.”